Common Questions About 
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD?

ADHD is a neurological disorder which typically makes children overactive, unable to pay attention, disorganized, and impulsive. There are three types of ADHD:

1) Inattentive: This type includes children whose predominant symptoms include:
. Difficulty focusing on tasks or getting bored easily
. Difficulty paying attention to details and completing routine tasks
. Becoming easily distracted
. Difficulty listening and remembering

2) Hyperactive-Impulsive: This type includes children who:
. Fidget excessively
. Can't stay seated or play quietly
. Run or climb at the wrong times
. Talk excessively and at inappropriate times
. Interrupt others

3) The third type of ADHD is a combination of both sets of symptoms.

What is the difference between ADHD and ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder)?

ADHD is the only official term listed in the American Psychiatric Diagnostic Statistical Manual, used by doctors to diagnose a variety of brain-based disorders. ADD has been used interchangeably with ADHD by the public, the media, and some professionals, and the definition of ADD varies depending on who is using the term. Fundamentally, when people refer to ADD or ADHD, they generally mean the same thing.

How is ADHD diagnosed and treated?

An accurate diagnosis should be made by a healthcare practitioner, based on the history of the child, as well as multiple observations, with input from parents and teachers. The diagnosis must include evidence that the child has displayed at least six symptoms of either inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity before the age of seven that have lasted at least six months. A correct diagnosis should also meet the criteria included in the American Psychiatric Diagnostic Statistical Manual. It's important to note that other conditions can mimic ADHD, such as anxiety disorders, sleep apnea, and certain forms of autism. Ideally, a mental health professional conducts an ADHD assessment that includes direct observation of the child in a variety of circumstances (with parents, at play with other children, etc.). Some pediatricians are skilled in diagnosing ADHD, but parents are well-advised to seek the consultation of a professional who specializes in ADHD. Look for a licensed clinical social worker (LICSW), or a psychologist. Some may work with very young children, while others focus more on adolescents.

Children with untreated ADHD often develop serious self-esteem problems, which can lead to destructive behavior later in life. Too often, adults with undiagnosed ADHD experience substance abuse problems or participate in criminal behavior.

Research has shown that the most effective treatment is a combination of medication, behavior therapy to help the child and family learn behavior-management strategies, parental support, and education. ADHD has been diagnosed in children as young as age two, but may not be diagnosed until well into adulthood.

How common is ADHD?

This is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children-three to five percent of school-age children are affected by ADHD.

Should I involve the school in my child's treatment?

While federal law mandates schools to accommodate children with ADHD, parents can drive this process by educating teachers about how to manage and modify the behavior of their children. Strategies for teachers include rewarding good behavior, such as providing a daily report card for parents to give the child positive reinforcement both at school and at home, and modifying regular classrooms to meet the needs of ADHD children. This can be as simple as giving the child a seat up front, or away from the window or an aquarium. Some children may require smaller, more structured classrooms. In most cases, children with ADHD have individual education plans, and their progress is monitored carefully.

Parents can also help their children by directing them to activities and tasks where they have the greatest chance to succeed. Children with ADHD may, for example, be unable to do well at the relatively slow game of baseball, but may thrive in the higher speed sport of basketball. Finally, extra patience and understanding is required for all students with ADHD.

What can I do at home to help my child?

First, remain patient, and be aware that life can be hard for a child with ADHD. Many times, the sense of failure and frustration that results from ADHD can be more damaging to the child than the disorder itself. Remember to instill in your child a sense of self-worth and value by promoting his or her strengths and talents. Also, gather as much accurate information as you can from libraries, the Internet, or your doctor; and remain connected with your child's school and teachers.

What is the long-term prognosis for a child with ADHD?

Many children learn effective ways of coping with ADHD as they grow and mature. A large number of adults will continue to experience these issues throughout life, however, and may benefit from treatment and support. Fundamentally, ADHD is extremely treatable, and children with ADHD can grow to be happy and productive individuals.

Are there ADHD support groups for family members?

One of the most important resources for parents with an ADHD child can be found in other parents. Networking with parents who have a child with the disorder can yield enormously helpful information, and can provide emotional support.

CHADD (Children & Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a national, non-profit organization that offers useful services and information. Visit their web site at www.chadd.org, or call (800) 233-4050 for more information. The number for the Rhode Island chapter is (401-943-9399).

If you live in Massachusetts or Rhode Island, The Providence Center can help. Please visit our Child and Family Services page to get help.